ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare condition characterized by gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall. Although rare, it may also involve other regions, such as the mesentery. PCI is classified as primary or secondary and is associated with multiple predisposing factors. It may be associated with either a benign condition or a potentially fatal condition, such as mesenteric ischemia. The objective of this study was to review the medical literature on the rare benign presentations of PCI, excluding cases associated with intestinal ischemia.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA statement. We searched PubMed and LILACS databases for articles published between January 2015 and December 2020 using the following Medical Subject Headings: "pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis" and "pneumoperitoneum," "pneumatosis intestinalis," and "pneumoperitoneum" or "mesenteric pneumatosis."Results: We included 51 articles comprising 58 patients with PCI and pneumoperitoneum. Most patients were men, and mean patient age was 64.9 years. We identified an idiopathic etiology in 29.31% of cases, and the most common predisposing factor was immune dysfunction (29.31%). A total of 24.13% of patients were asymptomatic. The most commons symptoms were abdominal pain (43.10%), nausea and vomiting (41.37%), and abdominal distention (37.93%). Diagnostic surgery was conducted in 26 patients (44.82%). Only 1 patient underwent surgical treatment.Conclusions: PCI is a clinical condition that may have a benign etiology and not require surgery. Treatment of the benign etiology is conservative. Thus, life-threatening conditions should be excluded in all cases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis/diagnosis , Pneumoperitoneum/diagnosis , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis/therapy , Pneumoperitoneum/therapy , Risk Factors , Mesenteric Ischemia/therapyABSTRACT
Abstract The purpose of this article is to report the case of a 53-year-old black man, with no previous comorbidities, who presented 48 days after a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, complaining of an initially insidious epigastric pain that had progressed to severe pain radiating to the interscapular vertebral region, with hyporexia and episodes of projectile vomiting, with no nausea or fever. Laboratory tests revealed no signs of acute infection or pancreatic injury. Abdominal computed tomography showed dilated, fluid-filled small bowel loops with thickened walls. After clinical treatment, the patient developed persistent abdominal pain. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding two sites of small bowel stenosis, with no extrinsic cause, and signs of local ischemia and considerable distension of jejunal and ileal loops. After enterectomy and side-to-side enteroanastomosis, the patient recovered satisfactorily and was discharged with a prescription for oral anticoagulants for outpatient use.
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é relatar o caso de um homem de 53 anos de idade, negro, sem comorbidades prévias, com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 há 48 dias anteriores ao início do quadro de dor epigástrica insidiosa, que evoluiu para dor de forte intensidade que irradiava para região interescapulovertebral, associada a hiporexia e episódios de vômitos em jato, sem náuseas ou febre. Os exames laboratoriais não apresentavam sinais de infecção aguda ou lesão pancreática. A tomografia computadorizada do abdome mostrou alças do intestino delgado dilatadas, cheias de líquido e com paredes espessas. Após terapia de suporte, o paciente evoluiu com dor abdominal persistente. Foi realizada laparotomia exploratória, na qual foram encontrados dois sítios de estenose no intestino delgado sem causa extrínseca, ao lado de sinais de isquemia local e distensão importante das alças jejunais e ileais. Após enterectomia e enteroanastomose primária látero-lateral, o paciente evoluiu de forma satisfatória e recebeu alta hospitalar com prescrição de anticoagulantes orais para uso ambulatorial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mesenteric Ischemia/complications , Mesenteric Ischemia/therapy , COVID-19/complications , Constriction, Pathologic , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , Intestine, Small/physiopathology , Laparotomy , AnticoagulantsABSTRACT
La trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior, es una patología del grupo de las isquemias intestinales agudas; de sintomatología inespecífica y dificil diagnóstico. Que tiene baja frecuencia 5-10% de las isquemias intestinales agudas; pero una gran mortalidad 50-75%. Presenta síntomas y signos parecidos a otras patologías de origen abdominal y los estudios complementarios dan resultados inespecíficos por lo que se diagnostica tardía y erróneamente en muchas ocasiones. Caso clínico. Se analiza el caso de un paciente masculino de 27 años, sin antecedentes de relevancia, con isquemia mesentérica aguda, que cursó con dolor abdominal inespecífico de 2 días de evolución. Discusión. La isquemia mesentérica es una patología con elevada mortalidad, su pronóstco depende de la rapidez del diagnóstco y el tratamiento acertado y precoz. Conclusión. El retraso del diagnóstico y la terapéutica aumentan la mortalidad. Tiene mejor pronóstico si tiene un precoz y adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento agresivo.
Upper mesenteric vein thrombosis is a disease of acute intestinal ischemia; of non-specific symptoms and dificult diagnosis. It has low incidence, 5-10% of acute intestinal ischemia; but 50-75% of mortality. It presents symptoms and signs similar to other pathologies of abdominal origin and the complementary studies give unspecific results for what is a late diagnosis and erroneous in many occasions. We present the case of a 27 year old male patent, with no relevant history, with acute mesenteric ischemia, who had 2 days of non- specific abdominal pain. Mesenteric ischemia is a disease with high mortality rate, its prognosis depends on the timing of diagnosis and early treatment. Delayed diagnosis and therapy increases mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Appendectomy/statistics & numerical data , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/pathology , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapyABSTRACT
A trombose de veia porta é uma causa rara de abdome agudo vascular e está diretamente relacionada a trombofilias hereditárias ou adquiridas. O caso de um paciente de 60 anos, sexo masculino, com quadro clínico de isquemia mesentérica confirmada por exame de imagem é apresentado. Foi submetido a enterectomia e enteroanastomose e, após esplenoportografia que detectou trombose de veia porta, indicou-se tratamento medicamentoso com infusão contínua de ativador tecidual do plasminogênio recombinante (Alteplase) através de cateterismo seletivo da artéria mesentérica superior. Trata-se de um tratamento inovador. Obteve-se sucesso na recanalização do sistema porta. O paciente evoluiu com quadro de sepse abdominal, necessitando de assistência em terapia intensiva por 25 dias. Evoluiu bem e recebeu alta hospitalar com o uso de anticoagulante. O artigo apresenta uma breve revisão de literatura e discussão do caso clínico
Portal vein thrombosis is a rare vascular cause of acute abdomen and it is directly related to hereditary or acquired thrombophilias. This article presents the case of a 60-year-old male patient, with clinical signs of mesenteric ischemia that was confirmed by imaging examination. He underwent enterectomy and enteroanastomosis and, after detection of portal vein thrombosis by splenoportography, he was prescribed drug-based treatment with continuous infusion of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase) via selective catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery. This is a treatment innovation. The portal system was successfully recanalized. However, the patient developed abdominal sepsis and required intensive care for 25 days. His clinical status improved and he was discharged with a prescription for oral anticoagulant. This article presents a brief review of the literature and a discussion of portal vein thrombosis
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Catheterization/methods , Mesenteric Artery, Superior , Portal Vein , Thrombosis/therapy , Abdomen, Acute/diagnosis , Abdomen, Acute/therapy , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , Mesenteric Ischemia/therapy , Risk Factors , Splenic Vein , Thrombolytic Therapy/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Atherosclerosis , Mesenteric Artery, Inferior , Risk Factors , Collateral Circulation , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , PatientsABSTRACT
We describe the case of a 63-year-old woman with chronic mesenteric ischemia, persistent postprandial upper abdominal pain and progressive weight loss. Retrograde recanalization was performed via the superior mesenteric artery in order to achieve the goal of crossing the near-occlusion, showing that retrograde catheterization of the celiac trunk can be a feasible approach in challenging cases in which an antegrade approach fails as a single maneuver.
Descrevemos o caso de uma mulher de 63 anos de idade, com isquemia mesentérica crônica, dor abdominal pós-prandial e emagrecimento progressivo. A recanalização retrógrada foi realizada através da artéria mesentérica superior para transpassar a estenose crítica. Demonstra-se assim que o cateterismo retrógrado do tronco celíaco pode ser uma abordagem viável em casos difíceis, em que a abordagem anterógrada falha como manobra única.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Atherosclerosis , Atherosclerosis/complications , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , Mesenteric Ischemia/etiology , Mesenteric Ischemia/physiopathology , Time Factors , Catheterization/methods , Follow-Up StudiesABSTRACT
Intestinal ischemia occurs when mesenteric blood flow is insufficient for the requirements of the intestine. Acute presentation includes acute mesenteric ischemia, usually secondary to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, and ischemic colitis due to decreased vascular flow to vulnerable regions of the colon. It usually presents with abdominal pain and non-specific laboratory abnormalities, so it requires a high index of clinical suspicion for early diagnosis and management in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. The following review describes clinical concepts of acute intestinal ischemia, with emphasis on diagnosis and management of these patients.
La isquemia intestinal surge cuando el flujo sanguíneo del territorio mesentérico resulta insuficiente para satisfacer los requerimientos del intestino. El cuadro agudo incluye la isquemia mesentérica aguda, generalmente secundaria a oclusión de la arteria mesentérica superior, y la colitis isquémica debida a disminución del flujo vascular a regiones vulnerables del colon. Se presenta habitualmente con dolor abdominal y alteraciones de laboratorio inespecíficos, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo precoz con el fin de disminuir su alta morbimortalidad. En la siguiente revisión se exponen principalmente conceptos clínicos acerca de isquemia intestinal aguda, con énfasis en el diagnóstico y manejo de estos pacientes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Colitis, Ischemic/diagnosis , Colitis, Ischemic/therapy , Mesenteric Ischemia/diagnosis , Mesenteric Ischemia/therapy , Colitis, Ischemic/etiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Mesenteric Ischemia/etiology , PrognosisABSTRACT
Acute mesenteric ischemia encompasses a group of diseases with a high morbidity and mortality. Surgical treatment is frequently delayed due to difficulties in making a prompt clinical diagnosis. Mutislice computed tomography has emerged as a useful tool in the detection of intestinal ischemia and the spectrum of vascular pathology that produce it. The physiopathologic basis of intestinal ischemic damage, the spectrum of bowel, peritoneal and vascular findings as well as optimization of the computed tomography technique are discussed.
Las distintas variantes de isquemia mesentérica aguda constituyen un grupo de patologías con alta morbimortalidad. Suelen ser de difícil diagnóstico clínico, lo que frecuentemente deriva en un retraso en el tratamiento quirúrgico. La tomografía computada mutidetector ha surgido como una herramienta de gran utilidad en la detección de la isquemia intestinal y de la patología vascular causal. Se discute la fisiopatología del daño isquémico mesentérico, el espectro de alteraciones posibles del intestino delgado, peritoneo y vasculatura abdominal según la etiología, y se revisarán los parámetros para optimizar el estudio tomográfico en la evaluación de esta patología.